NUMERICAL STUDIES ON THE BENDING PERFORMANCE OF COLD-FORMED COMPOSITE CONCRETE-FILLED STEEL BEAMS (CFSB)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65405/a7arj679Keywords:
Cold-formed steel sections, fastening connections, concrete, bending behavior, interactions, numerical simulationAbstract
Cold-formed steel (CFS) composite sections have recently been introduced with other materials, such as concrete, and fastened with bolts and screws to avoid the buckling problem of the cold-formed steel sections. The flexural analysis of CFS concrete beams is more complex in terms of design and failure mode. Therefore, this paper provides a brief review of numerous studies of CFS sections, with and without concrete, under bending loads. In particular, the buckling failure modes of CFS are critically examined. Important considerations such as defining material properties and interactions during numerical simulations are also discussed. The review presented here highlights significant potential for understanding how nonlinearity in the concrete material, the interaction of CFS with concrete, and connection types affect the simulation accuracy in predicting the bending behavior of composite beams. Furthermore, connection types, nonlinear simulation methods and strategies, and results related to the bending behavior of CFS concrete are reviewed. Future research directions were identified through concluding observations and recommendations to achieve higher accuracy in simulation results and a more effective design philosophy for the future to promote the use of CFS composite beams in the construction industry.
Downloads
References
1. M. H. Serror, E. M. Hassan, and S. A. Mourad. Experimental study on the rotation capacity of cold-formed steel beams, J. Constr. Steel Res., vol. 121, pp. 216–228, 2016.
2. J. M. Irwan, A. H. Hanizah, I. Azmi, and H. B. Koh. Large-scale test of symmetric cold-formed steel (CFS)concrete composite beams with BTTST enhancement, J. Constr. Steel Res., vol. 67, pp. 720–726, 2011.
3. M. M. Lawan, M. M. Tahir, S. P. Ngian, and A. Sulaiman. Structural performance of cold-formed steel section in composite structures: A review, J. Teknol., vol. 74, pp. 165–175, 2015.
4. M. Pavlović, Z. Marković, M. Veljković, and D. Bucrossed D Signevac. Bolted shear connectors vs. headed studs behaviour in push-out tests, J. Constr. Steel Res., vol. 88, pp. 134–149, 2013.
5. Wehbe, Dayton, and Sigl. Structures Congress 2011 © ASCE 2011 2297, pp. 2297–2308, 2011.
6. M. Billah, M. Islam, and R. Bin Ali. Cold formed steel structure : An overview, World Sci. News 1, vol. 118, pp. 59–73, 2019.
7. N. Usefi, P. Sharafi, and H. Ronagh. Numerical models for lateral behaviour analysis of cold-formed steel framed walls: State of the art, evaluation and challenges, Thin-Walled Struct., vol. 138, pp. 252–285, 2019.
8. M. A. Dar, D. R. Sahoo, S. Pulikkal, and A. K. Jain. Behaviour of laced built-up cold-formed steel columns: Experimental investigation and numerical validation, Thin-Walled Struct., vol. 132, pp. 398–409, 2018.
9. J. Ye, S. M. Mojtabaei, I. Hajirasouliha, P. Shepherd, and K. Pilakoutas. Verification of Eurocode Design Models on the Calculation of Strengths and Deflections in Cold- Formed Steel Beams, Eighth Int. Conf. THIN-WALLED Struct., 2018.
10. L. Wang and B. Young. Behaviour and design of cold-formed steel built-up section beams with different screw arrangements, Thin-Walled Struct., vol. 131, pp. 16–32, 2018.
11. Y. Liu, L. Guo, and Z. Li. Flexural behavior of steel-concrete composite beams with U-shaped steel girders, in 12th International Conference on Advances in Steel-Concrete Composite Structures (ASCCS 2018), 2018, pp. 161–167.
12. G. Li, D. Liu, Z. Yang, and C. Zhang. Flexural behavior of high strength concrete filled high strength square steel tube, J. Constr. Steel Res., vol. 128, pp. 732–744, 2017.
13. F. Yin, S. D. Xue, W. L. Cao, H. Y. Dong, and H. P. Wu. Experimental and Analytical Study of Seismic Behavior of Special-Shaped Multicell Composite Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Columns, J. Struct. Eng. (United States), vol. 146, 2020.
14. K. Piyawat, C. Ramseyer, and T. H. K. Kang. Development of an axial load capacity equation for doubly symmetric built-up cold-formed sections, J. Struct. Eng. (United States), vol. 139, pp. 1–13, 2013.
15. G. Hancock. Distortional Buckling Of Steel Storage Rack Columns, J. Struct. Eng., vol. 111, pp. 2770–2783, 1985.
16. S. Wanniarachchi. Flexural Behaviour and Design of Cold- formed Steel Beams with Rectangular Hollow Flanges, QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 2005.
17. A. E. M. R. Pinto. Local and Distortional Buckling of Cold-Formed Steel Members, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de, 2010.
18. J. Zhu and L. Y. Li. Effect of shear stress on distortional buckling of CFS beams subjected to uniformly distributed transverse loading, Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct., vol. 26, pp. 1423–1429, 2019.
19. Y. B. HEVA. Behaviour and design of cold- formed steel compression members at elevated temperatures yasintha bandula heva, Queensland University of Technology A, 2009.
20. S. Kesawan, M. Mahendran, Y. Dias, and W. Bin Zhao. Compression tests of built-up cold-formed steel hollow flange sections, Thin-Walled Struct., vol. 116, pp. 180–193, 2017.
21. F. Muftah, M. S. H. Mohd Sani, S. Mohammad, and M. M. Tahir. Ultimate load of built-up cold formed steel column, ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci., vol. 9, pp. 2095–2101, 2014.
22. W. Reyes and A. Guzmán. Evaluation of the slenderness ratio in built-up cold-formed box sections, J. Constr. Steel Res., vol. 67, pp. 929–935, 2011.
23. B. Young and J. Chen. Cold-formed steel built-up closed sections with intermediate stiffeners, Proc. 9th Int. Conf. Steel, Sp. Compos. Struct., vol. 134, pp. 43–53, 2007.
24. P. Manikandan and A. Ezhilan. Investigation on cold-formed steel built-up new innovative hat-shaped closed section under bending, Int. J. Adv. Struct. Eng., vol. 11, pp. 1–8, 2019.
25. P. Manikandan and S. Sukumar. Behaviour of stiffened cold-formed steel built-up sections with complex edge stiffeners under bending, KSCE J. Civ. Eng., vol. 19, pp. 2108–2115, 2015.
26. K. Sudha and S. Sukumar. Behaviour of cold-formed steel built-up i section under bending, Int. J. Eng. Technol., vol. 5, pp. 4622–4631, 2013.
27. L. Xu, P. Sultana, and X. Zhou. Flexural strength of cold-formed steel built-up box sections, Thin-Walled Struct., vol. 47, pp. 807–815, 2009.
28. A. Y. Kamal and N. N. Khalil. Cold-Formed Steel U-Section Encased in Simple Support Reinforced Concrete Beam ., IJRDO-Journal Mech. Civ. Eng., vol. 3, pp. 8–23, 2017.
29. Bamaga et al. Feasibility of developing composite action between concrete and cold?formed steel beam, vol. 20, p. 3689−3696, 2013.
30. D. Dubina and V. U. R. Landolfo. Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures Part 1-3 – Design of Cold-formed Steel Structures, 1st ed., vol. 53. ECCS – European Convention for Constructional Steelwork, 2012.
31. M. S. H. Mohd Sani, F. Muftah, M. F. Muda, and C. S. Tan. Resistance of built-up cold-formed steel channel columns filled with concrete, J. Teknol., vol. 78, pp. 99–104, 2016.
32. M. S. H. M. Sani, M. M. M. Kamal, F. Muftah, and C. S. Tan. Flexural performance of built-up cold-formed steel beam filled with compacted soil, ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci., vol. 11, pp. 9855–9862, 2016.
33. M. Grisilda and S. A. Ligoria. Flexural behaviour of cold‑formed steel beams filled with GGBS concrete and wrapped with GFRP, Asian J. Civ. Eng., vol. 2, pp. 281–287, 2018.
34. O. A. Olaiju, Y. S. Hoe, and E. B. Ogunbode. Finite element and finite difference numerical simulation comparison for air pollution emission control to attain cleaner environment, Chem. Eng. Trans., vol. 63, pp. 679–684, 2018.
35. J. Y. Wu, J. Li, and R. Faria. An energy release rate-based plastic-damage model for concrete, Int. J. Solids Struct., vol. 43, pp. 583–612, 2006.
36. D. C. Feng, X. D. Ren, and J. Li. Softened Damage-Plasticity Model for Analysis of Cracked Reinforced Concrete Structures, J. Struct. Eng. (United States), vol. 144, pp. 1–15, 2018.
37. G. Z. Voyiadjis and Z. N. Taqieddin. Elastic Plastic and Damage Model for Concrete Materials : Part I - Theoretical Formulation, Int. J. Struct. Chang. Solids, vol. 1, pp. 31–59, 2009.
38. A. Dragon and Z. Mróz. A continuum model for plastic-brittle behaviour of rock and concrete, Int. J. Eng. Sci., vol. 17, pp. 121–137, 1979.
39. P. H. Feenstra and R. De Borst. A composite plasticity model for concrete, Int. J. Solids Struct., vol. 33, pp. 707–730, 1996.
40. E. Pramono and K. Willam. Fracture Energy-Based Plasticity Formulation Of Plain Concrete, J. Eng. Mech, vol. 115, pp. 1183–1204, 1989.
41. P. Grassl, K. Lundgren, and K. Gylltoft. Concrete in compression: A plasticity theory with a novel hardening law, Int. J. Solids Struct., vol. 39, pp. 5205–5223, 2002.
42. P. Grassl and M. Jirásek. Damage-plastic model for concrete failure, Int. J. Solids Struct., vol. 43, pp. 7166–7196, 2006.
43. X. Tao and D. V. Phillips. A simplified isotropic damage model for concrete under bi-axial stress states, Cem. Concr. Compos., vol. 27, pp. 716–726, 2005.
44. U. Cicekli. A Plasticity-Damage Model for Plain Concrete, 2006.
45. A. Wosatko, A. Winnicki, M. A. Polak, and J. Pamin. Role of dilatancy angle in plasticity-based models of concrete, Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng., vol. 19, pp. 1268–1283, 2019.
46. Y. Chi, M. Yu, L. Huang, and L. Xu. Finite element modeling of steel-polypropylene hybrid fiber reinforced concrete using modified concrete damaged plasticity, Eng. Struct., vol. 148, pp. 23–35, 2017.
47. J. W. Ju. On energy-based coupled elastoplastic damage theories: Constitutive modeling and computational aspects, Int. J. Solids Struct., vol. 25, pp. 803–833, 1989.
48. J. Lee and G. L. Fenves. Plastic-damage model for cyclic loading of concrete structures, J. Eng. Mech., vol. 124, pp. 892–900, 1998.
49. Alnnale, T. (2026). From Reactive to Proactive Governance: A Hybrid LSTM–Gradient Boosting Architecture for Real-Time Anomaly Signal Detection in Multi-Store Retail Supply Chain Decision Systems. Al-Farooq Journal of Sciences, 2(1), 987-1005.50. B. Alfarah, F. López-Almansa, and S. Oller. New methodology for calculating damage variables evolution in Plastic Damage Model for RC structures, Eng. Struct., vol. 132, pp. 70–86, 2017.
51. J. Lubliner, J. Oliver, S. Oller, and E. Oñate. A plastic-damage model for concrete, Int. J. Solids Struct., vol. 25, pp. 299–326, 1989.
52. A. Fedoroff, K. Calonius, and J. Kuutti. Behavior of the Abaqus CDP model in simple stress states, Raken. Mek., vol. 52, pp. 87–113, 2019.
53. L. Gardner and X. Yun. Description of stress-strain curves for cold-formed steels, Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 189, pp. 527–538, 2018.
54. W. Ramberg and W. R. Osgood. 1943-remebrg -osgood .pdf. National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Washington, p. 29, 1943.
55. H. . Hill. Determination of stress-strain relations from offset yield strength values, Natl. Advis. Comm. Aeronaut. Tech. notes, p. 11, 1944, [Online]. Available: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/b805294.pdf.
56. Y. Majdi, C. T. T. Hsu, and S. Punurai. Local bond-slip behavior between cold-formed metal and concrete, Eng. Struct., vol. 69, pp. 271–284, 2014.
57. FIB. Model Code 2010, International Federation for Structural Concrete (fib), Lausanne, Switzerland, 2010.
58. J. Liu, X. Zhou, and D. Gan. Effect of friction on axially loaded stub circular tubed columns, Adv. Struct. Eng., vol. 19, pp. 546–559, 2016.
59. M. Elchalakani, X. L. Zhao, and R. H. Grzebieta. Concrete-filled circular steel tubes subjected to pure bending, J. Constr. Steel Res., vol. 57, pp. 1141–1168, 2001.
60. Dassault Systèmes. Abaqus 6.11 Theory Manual, Dassault Systèmes Simulia Corp, USA, 2011.
61. L. H. Han, G. H. Yao, and Z. Tao. Performance of concrete-filled thin-walled steel tubes under pure torsion, Thin-Walled Struct., vol. 45, pp. 24–36, 2007.
62. P. Manikandan and M. Thulasi. Investigation on cold-formed steel lipped channel built-up I beam with intermediate web stiffener, Int. J. Adv. Struct. Eng., vol. 11, pp. 97–107, 2019.
63. M. Ghannam. Bending Moment Capacity of Cold-Formed Steel Built-Up Beams, Int. J. Steel Struct., vol. 19, pp. 660–671, 2019.
64. J. Ye, I. Hajirasouliha, and J. Becque. Experimental investigation of local-flexural interactive buckling of cold-formed steel channel columns, Thin-Walled Struct., vol. 125, pp. 245–258, 2018.
65. S. Sawant and A. Galatage. Experimental Analysis of Pac Encased Cold Formed Steel Sections, IJARIIE, vol. 3, pp. 633–642, 2017, [Online]. Available: www.ijariie.com.
66. L. Laím, J. P. C. Rodrigues, and L. S. Da Silva. Experimental and numerical analysis on the structural behaviour of cold-formed steel beams, Thin-Walled Struct., vol. 72, pp. 1–13, 2013.
67. algasim Alrrjipi, J. A. (2026). Silent Data Waste in Public Laboratories: A Conceptual Framework for Sustainable Data Driven Management. Al-Farooq Journal of Sciences, 2(2), 36-48.68. S. Sudharsan and N. Vinoth Kumar. Experimental Investigation of Cold-Formed Steel Composite Beams with Shear Connectors, pp. 28–38, 2018.
69. BenHusein, A. H., Shakrum, F. M., & Elgdiri, E. M. (2026). A Comprehensive Performance Evaluation of a Wi-Fi-Based Wireless Sensor Network Using Raspberry Pi and ESP8266 Under Multi-Rate Traffic Conditions. Al-Farooq Journal of Sciences, 2(3), 816-818.
