Al-Farooq Journal of Sciences is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes original research in various fields of science and technology. The journal aims to promote scientific research and knowledge dissemination at the local and international levels It is a legally accredited journal, internationally recognized with the International Standard Serial Number ISSN 3135-2359. It also publishes special issues for scientific conferences, and its research undergoes rigorous scientific review.
PERCEIVED EFFECTIVENESS OF MULTIMODAL AUDIO-VISUAL INSTRUCTION IN DEVELOPING ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION AMONG LIBYAN UNIVERSITY EFL LEARNERS
This study examines the perceived effectiveness of multimodal audio-visual instruction in supporting English pronunciation learning among EFL students at the University of Zawia, Libya. A mixed-methods design combined quantitative evidence from an eleven-item student questionnaire with qualitative evidence from semi-structured teacher interviews, Seventy-four valid questionnaires were analysed using frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, while interviews with four English teachers were examined through thematic analysis, The questionnaire achieved acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = .719), The overall mean was 2.22 on a three-point scale, indicating a moderate level of perceived effectiveness, Students strongly associated audio and video with a more interesting classroom and with facilitated learning, but reported substantially less consistent classroom use by teachers, The interviews identified persistent challenges involving Arabic-language transfer, unfamiliar phonetic symbols, limited facilities, variable teacher readiness, and learner motivation, At the same time, teachers described audio-visual modelling, imitation, repetition, and out-of-class practice as useful mechanisms for raising phonological awareness and supporting clearer production, The findings reveal an implementation gap: learner acceptance and perceived pedagogical value are stronger than the systematic institutional use of audio-visual resources, The study recommends targeted teacher development, improved technical infrastructure, carefully designed pronunciation tasks, and future experimental research using objective pre- and post-measures of intelligibility, comprehensibility, segmental accuracy, and prosody.
audio-visual aids; English pronunciation; multimodal learning; EFL; University of Zawia; Libya.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LINGUISTIC AFFECTIVE AND CONTEXTUAL BARRIERS TO ACADEMIC WRITING AMONG LIBYAN EFL UNDERGRADUATES A Mixed-Methods Study at the University of Zawia
This study investigates the linguistic, affective, and contextual barriers encountered by Libyan undergraduates when completing academic writing tasks in English and explains the factors underlying those barriers from the students’ perspective. A mixed-methods triangulation design was employed, Quantitative data were obtained through an online questionnaire completed by 56 fifth- to eighth-semester students, while qualitative data were generated through semi-structured interviews with 10 students, The survey showed strong recognition of the value of writing and a high motivation to improve; nevertheless, the participants reported substantial difficulties, The highest challenge endorsements concerned vocabulary and word choice (76.8%), revision and editing (76.8%), and clear and coherent expression (71.4%), The leading contributing factors were limited exposure to English outside the classroom (71.4%), difficulty organizing and expressing ideas (69.6%), and cultural-linguistic differences (67.9%), Interview findings corroborated the quantitative patterns and revealed an interaction among limited grammatical and lexical knowledge, first-language interference, academic formality, anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, inadequate feedback, restricted resources, and insufficient practice time, The study concludes that EFL writing difficulty is not a single linguistic deficit but a multidimensional system in which language knowledge, self-efficacy, instructional conditions, and opportunities for authentic use reinforce one another, It recommends an integrated process-genre curriculum, explicit language support within meaningful writing, self-regulated learning routines, sustained reading-to-write practice, and staged feedback combining teacher, peer, and carefully supervised automated support.
academic writing; EFL undergraduates; writing difficulties; writing anxiety; first-language interference; mixed methods
A Predictive Comparison of the Selective Attention Hypothesis and Contextual Priming Theory in Processing English It-Extraposition: An Eye-Tracking Study
When readers encounter an English it-extraposition structure (e.g., It is obvious that the minister resigned), two fundamentally different processing mechanisms could guide the resolution of the cataphoric dependency. The Selective Attention Hypothesis (SAH) holds that expletive it concentrates attentional resources on the matrix predicate, creating an integration cost that spills over onto the extraposed clause. Contextual Priming Theory (CPT), by contrast, claims that the matrix context pre-activates features of the upcoming clause, so that higher predictability reduces downstream effort. We adjudicated between these predictions in the first eye-tracking study of it-extraposition with advanced Libyan learners of English (N = 44). Participants read extraposed and non-extraposed sentences while their eye movements were recorded. Two linear mixed-effects models were constructed: an SAH model incorporating log frequency of the matrix adjective, and a CPT model incorporating offline cloze probability of the embedded-clause verb. The CPT model provided a significantly better fit than a baseline model (Δ − 2LL = 6.52, p = .011), with each one-unit increase in centred predictability reducing total reading time by 0.35 ms (f² = 0.04). The SAH predictor did not approach significance (Δ − 2LL = 1.23, p = .267). Follow-up analyses of early measures, regressions, and adjective-frequency interactions offered no support for an attentional bottleneck. We discuss the results in light of surprisal theory, Bayesian predictive coding, and constraint-based processing, and consider the possibility that SAH effects if present may require larger samples or different operationalisations to detect. The findings confirm that advanced L2 learners exploit the predictive affordances of the matrix context, and they carry direct implications for teaching grammar and reading in the Libyan EFL classroom.
it-extraposition, eye-tracking, selective attention, contextual priming, Libyan EFL, L2 prediction, surprisal
The Principle of Proportionality between Islamic Law and International Humanitarian Law
This study aims to examine the principle of proportionality in both Islamic Sharia and international humanitarian law, analyze its legal and Sharia-based foundations, and identify the similarities and differences between the two systems in regulating the use of force and protecting civilians and civilian objects during armed conflicts. The study addresses the extent to which the restrictions established by Islamic Sharia to limit the consequences of warfare correspond to the contemporary legal principle of proportionality under international humanitarian law, as well as the potential contribution of such convergence to strengthening humanitarian protection during armed conflicts. The study adopts a descriptive, analytical, and comparative approach by examining relevant Islamic legal rules and principles and comparing them with the treaty-based and customary rules governing proportionality, particularly the 1977 Additional Protocol I, the 1998 Rome Statute, and customary international humanitarian law. The findings demonstrate substantial convergence between Islamic Sharia and international humanitarian law in their common objectives of restricting the use of force, protecting non-combatants, preventing unjustified harm, limiting methods of warfare according to necessity, and considering the foreseeable consequences of military operations. Nevertheless, the two systems differ in their sources, legal structure, and mechanisms of implementation. International humanitarian law establishes a specific legal test based on balancing the expected incidental harm to civilians and civilian objects against the anticipated concrete and direct military advantage, whereas the concept of proportionality in Islamic Sharia is derived from a broader framework of legal texts, principles, and objectives, particularly the prohibition of transgression, prevention of harm, limitation of necessity to its proper extent, and balancing of benefits and harms. The study concludes that greater functional integration between Islamic legal principles and international humanitarian law should be encouraged, alongside improvements in training, operational planning, oversight, and accountability, in order to strengthen compliance with the principle of proportionality and enhance the protection of civilians in contemporary armed conflicts.
Principle of Proportionality, Islamic Sharia, International Humanitarian Law, Armed Conflicts, Protection of Civilians, Military Necessity
Psychological Resilience of Female Students in the Psychology Department at Al-Zahraa College of Education Libya
The current research aimed to identify the level of psychological resilience among female students in the Psychology Department at Al-Zahraa College of Education, and to reveal differences in this level according to the variable of academic year (first, second, third, fourth). The research adopted the descriptive analytical method, and the research sample consisted of (120) female students selected using stratified random sampling. To achieve the research objectives, the Psychological Resilience Scale, which was developed based on Olah's theory (Olah, 2005) and consists of (47) items in its final form, was used. The level of psychological resilience among female students in the Psychology Department was high, with a mean score of 181.59 out of 235, and a standard deviation of 7.02. Statistically significant differences in psychological resilience levels were found based on academic year, with a calculated F-value of 5.250 and a significance level of (0.002), which is less than the significance level of 0.05. These differences favored students in the upper years (fourth and third years) compared to students in the lower years (first and second years), indicating that academic experience and personal growth associated with academic progression contribute to strengthening psychological resilience. In light of these findings, the research recommends the adoption of guidance and training programs within the college to enhance the components of psychological resilience, particularly among first-year students, focusing on components such as positive thinking and self-efficacy.
Psychological Resilience, University Students, Psychology Department, Al-Zahraa College of Education, Olah Theory
Summons to Appear Before Courts of First Instance
This research examines the summons to appear before courts of first instance as the legal procedure through which judicial proceedings are initiated, ensuring confrontation between litigants and enabling them to exercise their right of defense. The study aims to clarify the concept of the summons to appear and its legal nature, identify the essential conditions and formal requirements necessary for its validity, and analyze the legal time limits governing it under Libyan law. The research also addresses the legal effects resulting from a valid summons to appear and its role in the proper commencement of judicial proceedings and the court’s jurisdiction over the case. In addition, it examines the cases in which the summons may be deemed void and the legal consequences of such nullity on judicial procedures. The study adopts a descriptive and analytical approach through the examination of relevant legal texts and jurisprudential opinions, with the aim of assessing the adequacy of the legislative framework governing summons to appear in ensuring fair trial guarantees and protecting the rights of litigants.
Summons to Appear, Courts of First Instance, Judicial Proceedings, Service of Process, Right of Defense, Civil Procedure Law, Procedural Nullity, Fair Trial.
The Use of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Scientific Research A Sociological Study of Practices and Transformations among Faculty Members at Al-Zawiya University
This study aims to identify the nature of artificial intelligence (AI) applications used in scientific research by faculty members and to analyze the transformations that AI applications have brought about in research practice. It also seeks to uncover faculty members' perceptions of these applications. The study adopted a qualitative approach, deemed the most suitable for the nature of the topic. The study aims to understand the meanings, perceptions, and experiences that faculty members hold regarding the use of AI applications in scientific research. The study population consists of faculty members at Al-Zawiya University who have experience or knowledge of using AI applications in research. The study employed a purposive sampling method, a suitable approach for qualitative studies, where participants are selected based on their ability to provide information related to the phenomenon under study. The sample comprised (15) faculty members, taking into account diversity in specialization, academic rank, and experience. The study concluded that AI has become part of the social transformations affecting the university as an institution for knowledge production. These applications are not merely technological tools; they reflect a shift in the nature of research and the roles of researchers. The study recommends developing training programs for faculty members on the academic use of artificial intelligence, as well as establishing a university ethical code to regulate its use in scientific research.
Applications - Artificial Intelligence - Scientific Research - Sociology - Faculty Members
Evaluating the HVAC System Design for Operating Rooms in Nalut Central Hospital According to International Standards
This research aims to evaluate the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system in the operating theaters of Nalut Central Hospital and analyze its compliance with approved international standards such as ASHRAE Standard 170 and WHO Guidelines for Surgery. The study adopted a comprehensive analytical approach, combining field visits, technical records review, and direct interviews with staff to assess the system's performance and adherence to modern operating room requirements. The findings revealed that the previously used non-centralized HVAC system had significantly exceeded its recommended operational lifespan. It failed to achieve essential requirements, including positive pressure, standard Air Change Rates (ACH), or precise temperature/humidity control. Currently, the hospital relies on household air conditioners (Split Units) and natural ventilation, which are entirely incompatible with surgical requirements, posing a significant risk of Surgical Site Infections (SSI). The study concluded that the current system is unable to meet standard specifications, necessitating immediate corrective actions, including the installation of a compliant centralized HVAC system.
HVAC System, Operating Rooms, Positive Pressure, Air Change Rate, Healthcare-Associated Infection .
The Water-Energy-Food-Ecosystems (WEFE) Nexus in Libya: Challenges, Opportunities, and Integrated Governance Mechanisms
Libya, as one of the most water-scarce countries in the world, faces interconnected existential challenges across the Water, Energy, Food, and Ecosystems (WEFE) sectors. This paper aims to analyze the interdependencies and complexities among these sectors within the Libyan context, drawing on the latest reports from the United Nations, UNDP, and FAO, in addition to local institutional developments. The paper reviews the conceptual framework of the WEFE Nexus and analyzes key challenges, such as the heavy reliance on the energy-intensive "Great Man-Made River," fragile food security, ecosystem degradation, and the impacts of climate change. Furthermore, it presents the outcomes of high-level policy dialogues and ongoing initiatives, discussing how to move beyond the traditional "Siloed Approach" toward integrated governance. The paper concludes with actionable recommendations to enhance institutional cohesion, transition to renewable energy, and build climate resilience, with a focus on establishing a national mechanism (a WEFE Committee) to coordinate efforts.
WEFE Nexus, Great Man-Made River (GMMR), Water Scarcity, Food Security, Integrated Governance, Climate Change
The Reality of the Obstacles to Applying Modern Auditing Methods in Banks Operating in Tobruk City
This study aimed to identify the barriers to implementing modern auditing methods in commercial banks operating in Tobruk City. It focused on examining the current use of modern auditing methods and identifying the main barriers that limit their implementation, including technical, human, organizational, and legislative barriers. To achieve the objectives of the study, a descriptive-analytical approach was adopted, and a questionnaire was used as a data collection instrument. The field sample consisted of 52 respondents from employees of several commercial banks operating in Tobruk City. The collected data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results showed that the study instrument had a high level of reliability, with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.911 for the overall scale. The findings also indicated that the technical dimension was the only dimension that appeared as a statistically significant barrier to the implementation of modern auditing methods. The most prominent technical barriers were weak technical infrastructure and the lack of a complete database supporting the implementation of modern auditing methods. The results further revealed that the lack of qualified personnel in the field of modern auditing methods constituted a statistically significant human barrier, although the human dimension as a whole was not statistically significant. In addition, the organizational and legislative dimensions did not appear as statistically significant barriers at the overall dimension level. However, the lack of alignment between local laws and technological developments in modern auditing methods emerged as a statistically significant legislative barrier. The study concluded that the most important barriers to implementing modern auditing methods in the banks under study were related to technical aspects, followed by the shortage of qualified personnel and the need to develop local laws in line with technological developments. The study recommended developing digital infrastructure, establishing integrated databases, providing specialized training programs to qualify human resources, and updating legislation and regulations governing auditing in accordance with modern technological developments.
Modern Auditing Methods, Barriers to Modern Auditing, Electronic Auditing, Internal Auditing, Commercial Banks, Tobruk City.
Theoretical Analysis and Approximate Solutions of Two-Dimensional Nonlinear Fredholm Integral Equations Using Adomian polynomials (ADM) and MATLAB
In this paper, the existence and uniqueness of the solution for the two-dimensional non-linear Fredholm integral equation are established using the fixed-point theorem, incorporating Adomian's approximation and the Lipschitz condition. We derive the approximate analytical solution Using the Adomian polynomials (Adomian decomposition method( ADM)) and compare it directly with the exact solution using MATLAB. Furthermore, we present various cases solved both analytically and numerically, evaluating each against the exact solution. The findings demonstrate a rapid convergence rate for ADM, confirming its superior computational efficiency in Two-dimensions.
Two-dimensional Fredholm integral equation , Adomian Decomposition Method, Approximate solution, Numerical solution, Absolute error.
Prevalence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Evaluation of Hematological Alterations among Patients in Northwest Libya
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most important challenges in global oncology with profound metabolic derangements, specific enzymatic modifications and systemic homeostatic changes. Clinical laboratory surveillance of hematological baseline parameters is an important non-invasive diagnostic tool to monitor cellular cytotoxicity, to assess the physiological course of malignancy and to identify secondary systemic stress before clinical manifestation. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, and evaluate hematological changes associated with the clinical progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. The clinical effect of age and gender on the major laboratory profiles was specifically studied. Methodology: A cross-sectional laboratory-based study was conducted over a period of four months (February-May 2026). Clinical and laboratory data sets were assembled based on confirmed cases of HCC from large regional oncology centers. Statistical analysis was carried out using descriptive indices, independent t-test and effect size (Cohen's d) calculations with SPSS. Results: The epidemiological indicators showed a significant vulnerability in advanced age, the critical mass of cases (96.25%) being concentrated in cohorts over forty years, with a predominance of men (60%). Hematologic assessment showed a unique inflammatory and defensive response with a rapid increase in the counts of White Blood Cells (WBC) and Platelets (PLTs), with red blood cell indices (RBCs and MCH) temporarily within the normal range. Conclusion: The epidemiological indicators of this study established a robust correlation between advanced age and the clinical manifestation of hepatocellular carcinoma, with the critical mass of cases (96.25%) concentrated in patient cohorts exceeding forty years of age, Furthermore, a pronounced gender disparity was recorded in favor of males (60%). The secondary inflammatory hematological changes caused by progression of HCC. This underscores the clinical need for multi-parametric diagnostic surveillance, as isolated use of baseline laboratory profiles without radiological correlation can lead to misleading clinical interpretation delaying prognosis.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC), Hematological Profile, Tumor Dynamics.
The Impact of Inflation and Exchange Rate Fluctuation on Accounting Performance in Pharmaceutical and Medical Equipment Companies Operating in Libya An Applied Study on a sample of Companies Operating in the Libyan Market
This study aimed to examine the impact of inflation and exchange rate fluctuations on accounting performance in pharmaceutical and medical equipment companies operating in Libya. The study focused on identifying the effects of these economic variables on accounting measurement quality and financial information reliability. The descriptive analytical approach was adopted, and a questionnaire was used as the main data collection tool. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical program. The findings revealed a statistically significant impact of inflation and exchange rate fluctuations on accounting performance. The results showed that continuous exchange rate fluctuations create difficulties in evaluating assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies, while inflation negatively affects the credibility of financial statements prepared under the historical cost basis. The study also highlighted the importance of applying international accounting standards related to foreign currency exchange and inflation accounting in order to improve the quality of financial reporting. The study recommended the development of accounting systems, enhancement of financial disclosure practices, and training accounting staff on the application of international accounting standards to improve accounting performance in Libyan companies.
التضخم، تقلبات سعر الصرف، الأداء المحاسبي
Geoeconomic Monetization of Libya's Strategic Location as a Hedging Framework for Managing Interdependence and the Transit Economy under China's Belt and Road Initiative
This study aims to present a strategic geo-economic approach to repositioning the Libyan state within the international system, transitioning it from a "rentier state" model vulnerable to geopolitical shocks and the global energy market to a "transit state." The paper discusses how Libya's geopolitics can be repurposed as a geopolitical pivot, linking the Mediterranean region and European interests with the geostrategic depth of Africa (landlocked countries: Niger and Chad). This repositioning leverages international competition, the opportunities presented by China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and regional integration through the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). The study employs a descriptive, analytical, and deductive methodology to construct a conceptual framework that connects spatial, structural, and international variables. It also proposes a strategic hedging mechanism to ensure economic diversification and balanced relations with major powers without compromising national sovereignty.
Geoeconomics, Interdependence Management, Transit Economy, Belt and Road Initiative, Strategic Hedging, Maritime Geopolitics, Sovereign Governance
Improving Operational Resilience and Peak-Load Management in the Al-Ruwais Network Through Coordinated PV, Battery Storage, and Demand Response
High-voltage networks in western Libya operate under a demanding combination of pronounced daily and seasonal load variation, incomplete station-level visibility, and narrow security margins whenever a transformer or feeder is unavailable. The engineering challenge is therefore broader than forecasting accuracy. A statistically acceptable forecast can still lead to overload, voltage stress, uneven feeder loading, or emergency shedding when it is not translated into a feasible operating action. The same principle applies to photovoltaic generation (PV) can reduce daytime imports, yet an uncoordinated plant may leave the evening peak almost unchanged and can simply relocate stress within the network for these reasons, we conducted a study of a mini-loop represented by the Al-Ruwais loop in the western Libya network. This research is considered an extension of the doctoral dissertation. introduces the Hybrid Neural Forecasting Resilience Oriented Load Management (HNF-ROLM) framework for Libya's Al-Ruwais network, using (GECOL) demand data. It integrates an (FNN) forecast with a decision algorithm coordinating (PV, BESS, DR), and reinforcement under normal and (N-1) constraints. Performance is evaluated via (ENS, SAIDI, SAIFI), and a Resilience Index (RI), moving beyond mere forecasting accuracy MATLAB software was used. Results show (PV) cuts daytime imports, while (BESS) and (DR) provide critical evening-peak and contingency support, their coordinated use significantly reduces unserved energy, outage duration/frequency, and network violations while improving (RI). The planning layer identifies when demand growth requires structural reinforcement confirming that operational flexibility and firm upgrades are complementary. HNF-ROLM strengthens resilience via PV, BESS, and DR, delivering peak relief while guiding staged reinforcement planning for future security.
Hybrid Neural Forecasting-Resilience-Oriented Load Management (HNF-ROLM), General Electricity Company of Libya (GECOL), forward Neural Network (FNN), photovoltaic (PV), Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), Demand Response (DR), Energy Not Supplied (ENS), System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI), System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI), Resilience Index (RI),
The Impact of Extreme Temperatures on Crop Growth in the Jafara Plain Region, 1990-2020
The study presented the characteristics of extreme temperatures, including the highest and lowest temperatures experienced by the Jafara Plain during the period from 1990-2020 AD, and the impact of extreme temperatures on the growth and production of agricultural crops suitable for cultivation in the region. It also presented the most important optimal temperature requirements at which the plant grows and activates its vital functions, and the harmful temperatures at which growth may stop and it may die, or damage its production quantities. The study concluded that the average minimum temperatures are not suitable for wheat and barley crops, as the average winter temperature for the region was recorded at about 2.8 degrees Celsius. While the crop requires a minimum temperature of around 4-5 degrees Celsius, watermelon and peanuts are planted in April, which typically sees a low spring temperature of between 6.1 and 8.5 degrees Celsius for the region, whereas the crop requires a minimum temperature of around 10 to 15 degrees Celsius. This contributes to lower market yields and higher prices for consumers due to transportation costs.
Maximum temperature – Accumulated temperature – Optimal temperature
Solving Singular Differential-Algebraic System Subject to Nonlocal Integral Boundary Conditions Using Generalized Inverse
This paper investigates a novel class of first-order linear singular differential-algebraic systems subject to generalized multi-point nonlocal integral boundary conditions. By systematically utilizing the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse and orthogonal operators, the intractable singular system is decoupled and regularized into an equivalent tractable ordinary differential system. Furthermore, by incorporating distributed integral constraints over the entire domain, we derive a modified generalized algebraic shooting matrix. Rigorous existence and uniqueness criteria for the solution are established under standard tractability assumptions. Finally, an illustrative numerical example is provided to demonstrate the practical validity and efficiency of the proposed analytical framework.
Singular differential systems, generalized inverse, integral boundary conditions, Fundamental matrix, Characteristic operator
The Efficiency of Using Google Classroom among Female Students of the Computer Science Department at the Abu-Issa Faculty of Education
This study aimed to investigate the level of efficiency in using Google Classroom among female students in the Computer Department at the Abu-Isa Faculty of Education, University of Zawia. It explored their mastery of the platform’s features and tools, its integration into the educational process, the technical challenges faced, and their attitudes toward its use. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing a 30-item questionnaire divided into five main sections. The instrument was administered to a sample of 66 female students. Statistical analysis revealed that the overall level of efficiency in using Google Classroom was high, with an overall mean score of 3.52 (SD = 1.27). Regarding the specific domains, "Attitude towards Using Google Classroom" ranked first with the highest mean (3.80), followed by "Competence in Using Features and Tools" (3.64), "Use of the Program in the Educational Process" (3.61), and "Basic Competence" (3.55), all indicating high levels of agreement. Conversely, the "Challenges Faced When Using the Program" domain ranked last with a moderate level (M = 3.00), where internet connectivity issues and the complexity of certain advanced features were the primary obstacles. Based on these findings, the study recommended enhancing the college’s internet infrastructure, providing advanced training workshops for students, and establishing a digital technical support unit to overcome technical barriers and ensure the sustainability of e-learning.
Google Classroom, E-Learning, Digital Competence, Higher Education
The Crusade of 1101 AD and its Impact on the Course of the Crusades
This study examines the Crusade of 1101, which was launched as a continuation of the First Crusade following the capture of Jerusalem in 1099. The research aims to analyze the circumstances that led to the campaign, the European forces that participated in it, its military route, and its major battles, as well as the reasons for its failure and its political and military consequences. The study adopts a historical analytical approach based on a range of Arabic and foreign historical sources. The findings indicate that the Crusade failed to achieve its objectives due to the absence of unified leadership, poor military planning, logistical weaknesses, and the successful strategy employed by the Seljuk Sultan Kilij Arslan I, who effectively exhausted and defeated the Crusader forces. The campaign’s outcome strengthened the position of the Muslim forces, weakened the Crusader expansion in Asia Minor, and produced significant political and military consequences that influenced the course of the Crusades throughout the twelfth century.
Crusade of 1101, Crusades, Kilij Arslan I, Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, Asia Minor, Levant
بعض الصعوبات التي تواجه طلبة السنة الثانية بكلية التربية البدنية وعلوم الرياضة على أداء بعض المهارات لجهاز حصان القفز جامعة الزاوية
This study aimed to identify the difficulties encountered by second-year students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Zawia, while performing the straddle vault skill on the vaulting horse. The researchers adopted the descriptive approach and administered a questionnaire covering five dimensions to a sample of 50 students. The results revealed that psychological difficulties ranked first, with a relative importance of 74%, particularly fear of falling. Physical difficulties ranked second at 67%, followed by skill-related difficulties at 65.33% and difficulties associated with facilities and equipment at 64%. Difficulties related to teaching and assessment methods were rated low, with a relative importance of 54.67%. The study recommended improving students’ physical, technical, and psychological preparation, providing suitable gymnastics halls and equipment, conducting regular maintenance, and adopting modern teaching and assessment methods to enhance students’ skill performance.
Difficulties, Artistic Gymnastics, Vaulting Horse, Skill Performance, Physical Education Students
Blockchain technology and its role in improving the quality of accounting information: An applied study on Libyan commercial banks
This study aimed to examine the role of blockchain technology in improving the quality of accounting information in Libyan commercial banks by investigating its impact on enhancing transparency, data reliability, processing efficiency, and reducing accounting errors and fraud, thereby supporting high-quality financial reporting and informed managerial decision-making. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and used a structured questionnaire as the primary data collection instrument. The questionnaire targeted employees working in accounting, internal audit, and information technology departments within Libyan commercial banks. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Statistical techniques. The findings revealed a statistically significant positive effect of blockchain technology on the quality of accounting information. Blockchain adoption contributed to improving data reliability, increasing transparency, accelerating access to accounting information, reducing opportunities for manipulation and human error, and strengthening both internal and external auditing procedures as well as internal control systems. The study also found that successful implementation of blockchain technology in Libyan commercial banks requires upgrading digital infrastructure, developing an appropriate legal and regulatory framework, enhancing employees' technical competencies, and increasing investment in advanced digital technologies. Based on these findings, the study recommends adopting a national strategy for blockchain implementation within the Libyan banking sector, modernizing legislation governing digital financial transactions, and encouraging commercial banks to invest in blockchain-based solutions that enhance accounting information quality, improve confidence in financial reporting, and support digital transformation and institutional performance.
Blockchain Technology, Accounting, Accounting Information Quality, Libyan Commercial Banks, Digital Transformation, Transparency, Financial Reporting.
Innovating New Numerical Techniques for Solving Partial Differential Equations
Partial differential equations (PDEs) are basic equations of fluid mechanics and heat transfer, of electromagnetics, of wave propagation and of financial systems, in which complex phenomena are described. But the usual numerical techniques are difficult to apply to very nonlinear, multi-dimensional, and stiff PDEs, resulting in instabilities, a high computational cost, slow convergence, and errors.In this work, an innovative numerical method combining the technique of adaptive discretization, dynamic error control and an iterative weighted approximation method is presented. The method not only is numerically stable, but also is very economical in terms of the number of operations and truncation error.The proposed approach is exhaustively tested for a number of benchmark problems involving PDEs and compared with the existing techniques, such as the Finite Difference Method, Finite Element Method, Spectral Method, and Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs).The numerical experiment shows that the solution error, solution convergence rate and computational efficiency can be significantly improved without compromising accuracy. The results from the stability analysis and convergence studies show good performance for a broad range of discretization parameters and reliability for engineering applications. In general, the framework is a very effective and efficient approach to the solution of difficult PDEs in contemporary scientific computing and simulations.
Adaptive Discretization, Partial Differential Equations (PDEs), Dynamic Error Control, Iterative Weighted Approximation, Numerical Simulation.
Procedural Rules Governing Legal Proceedings Against the Diplomatic Envoy: A Comparative Analytical Study in the Light of the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
تَتَنَاوَلُ هٰذِهِ الدِّرَاسَةُ الْأَحْكَامَ الْإِجْرَائِيَّةَ لِمُقَاضَاةِ الْمَبْعُوثِ الدِّبْلُومَاسِيِّ فِي إِطَارِ الْقَانُونِ الدُّوَلِيِّ، مِنْ خِلَالِ تَحْلِيلِ الْقَوَاعِدِ الَّتِي نَظَّمَتْهَا اتِّفَاقِيَّةُ فِيينَا لِلْعَلَاقَاتِ الدِّبْلُومَاسِيَّةِ لِعَامِ 1961 بِشَأْنِ مُسَاءَلَتِهِ قَضَائِيًّا، سَوَاءٌ أَمَامَ مَحَاكِمِ الدَّوْلَةِ الْمُوفِدَةِ أَوْ أَمَامَ مَحَاكِمِ الدَّوْلَةِ الْمُعْتَمَدِ لَدَيْهَا فِي الْحَالَاتِ الَّتِي تُجِيزُهَا الِاتِّفَاقِيَّةُ، مَعَ بَيَانِ أَثَرِ الْحَصَانَةِ الْقَضَائِيَّةِ فِي تَحْرِيكِ الدَّعْوَى وَالسَّيْرِ فِي إِجْرَاءَاتِهَا. كَمَا تَبْحَثُ الدِّرَاسَةُ الْعَوَائِقَ الْقَانُونِيَّةَ وَالْإِجْرَائِيَّةَ الَّتِي قَدْ تَحُولُ دُونَ مُلَاحَقَةِ الْمَبْعُوثِ الدِّبْلُومَاسِيِّ قَضَائِيًّا، وَتَتَنَاوَلُ الضَّمَانَاتِ وَالْآلِيَّاتِ الْقَانُونِيَّةَ الْمُتَعَلِّقَةَ بِالتَّنَازُلِ عَنِ الْحَصَانَةِ وَحُدُودِ الِاخْتِصَاصِ الْقَضَائِيِّ، وَذٰلِكَ فِي ضَوْءِ أَحْكَامِ اتِّفَاقِيَّةِ فِيينَا لِلْعَلَاقَاتِ الدِّبْلُومَاسِيَّةِ لِعَامِ 1961، مَعَ إِجْرَاءِ دِرَاسَةٍ تَحْلِيلِيَّةٍ مُقَارَنَةٍ لِعَدَدٍ مِنَ التَّشْرِيعَاتِ الْوَطَنِيَّةِ وَالِاتِّجَاهَاتِ الْفِقْهِيَّةِ وَالْقَضَائِيَّةِ. وَاعْتَمَدَتِ الدِّرَاسَةُ الْمَنْهَجَ الْوَصْفِيَّ وَالتَّحْلِيلِيَّ وَالْمُقَارَنَ، وَخَلُصَتْ إِلَى أَنَّ الْحَصَانَةَ الْقَضَائِيَّةَ لِلْمَبْعُوثِ الدِّبْلُومَاسِيّ لَا تُمَثِّلُ إِعْفَاءً مِنَ الْمَسْؤُولِيَّةِ الْقَانُونِيَّةِ، وَإِنَّمَا تُعَدُّ قَيْدًا إِجْرَائِيًّا مُؤَقَّتًا يَحُولُ دُونَ مُبَاشَرَةِ قَضَاءِ الدَّوْلَةِ الْمُعْتَمَدِ لَدَيْهَا لِاخْتِصَاصِهِ، تَحْقِيقًا لِاسْتِقْلَالِ الْوَظِيفَةِ الدِّبْلُومَاسِيَّةِ وَضَمَانًا لِحُسْنِ أَدَائِهَا. كَمَا خَلُصَتِ الدِّرَاسَةُ إِلَى أَنَّ تَحْقِيقَ التَّوَازُنِ بَيْنَ احْتِرَامِ الْحَصَانَاتِ الدِّبْلُومَاسِيَّةِ وَضَمَانِ حُسْنِ سَيْرِ الْعَدَالَةِ يَقْتَضِي تَفْعِيلَ آلِيَّاتِ التَّنَازُلِ عَنِ الْحَصَانَةِ، وَتَعْزِيزَ اخْتِصَاصِ قَضَاءِ الدَّوْلَةِ الْمُوفِدَةِ، وَتَطْوِيرَ التَّعَاوُنِ الْقَضَائِيِّ الدُّوَلِيِّ بِمَا يَنْسَجِمُ مَعَ قَوَاعِدِ الْقَانُونِ الدُّوَلِيِّ وَمُتَطَلَّبَاتِ الْعَدَالَةِ.
This study examines the procedural rules governing legal proceedings against diplomatic envoys under international law by analyzing the legal framework established by the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. It explores the procedures for instituting legal proceedings against diplomatic agents before the courts of the sending State and, where permitted by the Convention, before the courts of the receiving State. The study also analyzes the impact of judicial immunity on the initiation and conduct of judicial proceedings, as well as the legal and procedural obstacles that may prevent the prosecution of diplomatic envoys. In addition, it examines the legal mechanisms governing the waiver of immunity and the limits of judicial jurisdiction through a comparative analytical study of selected national legislations, legal scholarship, and judicial practice. The research adopts descriptive, analytical, and comparative methodologies. It concludes that the judicial immunity of diplomatic envoys does not constitute an exemption from legal responsibility but rather represents a temporary procedural limitation on the jurisdiction of the courts of the receiving State, intended to safeguard the independence and effective performance of diplomatic functions. The study further concludes that achieving an appropriate balance between respect for diplomatic immunities and the proper administration of justice requires the effective use of mechanisms for the waiver of immunity, the strengthening of the jurisdiction of the courts of the sending State, and the enhancement of international judicial cooperation in a manner consistent with the principles of international law and the requirements of justice.
The impact of balancing the three constraints (time, cost, quality) on the success of construction projects in Libya
This study aimed to analyze the impact of balancing the three constraints of construction projects (time, cost, and quality) on project success in Libya, given the challenges facing the construction sector, including delays, rising costs, and inconsistencies in performance quality. The study stemmed from the importance of modern project management as a key tool for achieving efficiency and effectiveness in project execution, particularly in environments with complex economic and administrative conditions, such as Libya. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach and was conducted on a sample of 100 engineers, project managers, and administrators working in the Libyan construction sector. A questionnaire was used as the primary data collection tool, and the results were analyzed to measure adherence to the three constraints and to assess the success of construction projects. The results showed a relative adherence to the three constraints, indicating improvements in schedule compliance, cost control, and the application of quality standards. Furthermore, a clear positive relationship was found between the balance of these elements and the success of construction projects. The results also confirmed that improved planning, monitoring, and control significantly contribute to increased implementation efficiency, reduced waste, and the achievement of project objectives. The study concluded that the success of construction projects depends not only on the availability of resources but is fundamentally linked to management's ability to balance time, cost, and quality, thereby enhancing performance efficiency and increasing the chances of project success in Libya.
The Triple Constraint on Projects - Construction Project Management - Project Success - Construction Projects in Libya - Time, Cost, and Quality Management
Cultural Differences and the Problems They Cause in Commercial Translation
I attempt in this research to uncover the problems and obstacles faced by students at some Libyan Universities when translating English proverbs into Arabic and Arabic proverbs into English that relate to commercial matters. In this research, I focus on commercial proverbs whose translation cause ambiguity and misunderstanding of the proverbs, resulting an incorrect translation. I also provide some definitions of idiomatic expressions and some methods and strategies that students should use in order to avoid these problems and reach the intended meaning and a correct translation. The students were given texts containing English proverbs related to business matters. These students, were male and female, they were from various Libyan universities. They were asked to translate the English texts into Arabic within a period of week. They were instructed not to consult professional translators, but were permitted to use dictionaries and seek assistance from each other. Texts were collected from students for review, analysis and discussion students' translation and the problems they encountered in translating these texts.
translation problems, translation types, idioms, cultural expressions, idiomatic expressions
Financial balance of oil contracts in Libya during crises
This study aimed to examine the legal framework governing the financial equilibrium of oil contracts in Libya and to analyze the impact of economic, political, and security crises on disrupting this equilibrium, while identifying the legal mechanisms for restoring it under the principles of administrative law and Libyan legislation. The significance of the study lies in the special nature of oil contracts as administrative contracts with strategic and economic dimensions, as well as their long-term duration and substantial investments, which make them highly vulnerable to exceptional circumstances and crises. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach by analyzing the legal concepts related to the financial equilibrium of oil contracts, reviewing the opinions of legal scholars and administrative judicial decisions, and examining the relevant Libyan legislation, particularly the Executive Regulation of Administrative Contracts issued by the Libyan Council of Ministers Resolution No. (600) of 2024, in addition to selected comparative judicial applications. The findings revealed that the financial equilibrium is a fundamental principle of administrative contracts and that oil contracts in Libya are directly affected by economic, political, and security crises, which may result in a disruption of their financial equilibrium. The study also concluded that the Doctrine of Unforeseen Circumstances is the most appropriate legal mechanism for restoring this equilibrium and that the Libyan legal system provides a legal basis for its application, despite the need for more specialized legislation governing oil contracts. The study recommends further developing the Libyan legal framework by adopting clearer provisions governing the restoration of the financial equilibrium of oil contracts during crises and by incorporating contractual clauses on renegotiation and risk-sharing, thereby enhancing the stability of oil investments, protecting the rights of the contracting parties, and ensuring the continuity of contract performance in the public interest.
Financial Equilibrium; Oil Contracts; Administrative Law; Doctrine of Unforeseen Circumstances; Libyan Legislation
Environmental Education as an Entry Point to Green Education and Sustainable Development: Evidence from Faculties of Education in Libyan Universities
This study aimed to investigate the role of environmental education in promoting green education and achieving sustainable development within the Faculties of Education at Misurata University, Al-Asmarya Islamic University, and Al-Mergib University in Libya. A descriptive-analytical approach was employed, and a structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 332 faculty members. The proposed conceptual framework considered environmental education as the independent variable, represented by four dimensions: environmental curricula, faculty teaching practices, environmental activities, and a supportive university environment. Green education was examined as a mediating variable, while sustainable development served as the dependent variable. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings revealed statistically significant positive effects of all dimensions of environmental education on green education, as well as a significant positive effect of green education on sustainable development. The results indicate that successful implementation of green education requires integrated institutional efforts involving curriculum development, faculty capacity building, environmental activities, and the creation of a sustainable university environment. The study recommends that Libyan universities adopt comprehensive green university policies, integrate sustainability principles into teacher education programs, strengthen environmental research, and expand partnerships with governmental and community organizations to support sustainable development.
Environmental Education; Green Education; Sustainable Development; Faculties of Education; Libyan Universities; Sustainability
The Level of Awareness and Readiness for Green Bond Issuance in Libya: An Exploratory Study from the Perspective of Senior Officials at the Central Bank of Libya
This study seeks to determine the level of awareness and readiness to issuing green bonds in Libya through a survey from the perspective of senior officials at the Central Bank of Libya. This study is essential in light of the escalating environmental challenges facing the world in general and Libya in particular, where climate change directly threatens natural resources and sustainable development. To achieve the objectives of the study, the descriptive analytical approach was adopted using a questionnaire distributed to a sample of (46) senior officials at the Central Bank in Tripoli. The objectives focused on understanding these the officials' attitudes toward the concept of green bonds and the Central Bank's awareness and readiness to adopt this type of financing. The results of the statistical analysis concluded that there is an average level of awareness of green bonds, matched by a relatively low readiness to adopt the issue of releasing green bonds. This reflects the need to promote a culture of green finance within the institution and create a supportive legal and regulatory environment. Therefore, the study recommended the adoption of motivating and educational policies and the activation of cooperation with international bodies interested in green finance.
awareness, readiness, green bonds, Central Bank of Libya.
"The Reality of Artificial Intelligence in the Educational Process: Between Technical and Pedagogical Challenges and Teachers’ Digital Skills"
This study aims to identify the major technical and pedagogical challenges faced by teachers when using artificial intelligence (AI) applications in education, to analyze their impact on teaching quality and the teacher–student relationship, and to explore teachers’ training and technical support needs. The research also seeks to provide practical recommendations that enhance the effectiveness of AI applications in educational settings while ensuring their alignment with pedagogical goals and preserving the human role of the teacher. The study employed a descriptive-analytical methodology through a structured questionnaire administered to a sample of 50 teachers from various schools and educational levels (primary, preparatory, secondary, and university). The questionnaire covered three main dimensions: demographic information, technical challenges related to infrastructure and understanding of AI tools, and pedagogical challenges concerning the integration of AI into educational objectives and classroom interactions. Findings revealed that 88% of the sample were female teachers compared to 12% male, with the majority teaching at the preparatory (36%) and secondary (28%) levels. Furthermore, 68% of participants had more than ten years of teaching experience, which may influence their acceptance of technological change. Regarding infrastructure, 52% rated it as weak and 32% as unavailable, highlighting a significant barrier to effective AI integration. Although 88% of teachers demonstrated a good understanding of how AI tools function, the same proportion reported a strong need for specialized training, indicating a gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application. Additionally, 56% believed AI could be integrated with educational goals, while 44% disagreed; 52% anticipated that AI might replace teachers in the future, whereas 48% rejected this notion. Overall, the results underscore the necessity of systematic training programs, improved infrastructure, and clear educational policies to ensure that AI serves as a supportive tool rather than a substitute for teachers, thereby safeguarding the human dimension of the educational process.
Teachers’ Digital Skills, Technical Challenges, Pedagogical Challenges, Teacher Training Needs, Educational Infrastructure, Teacher–Student Relationship
Evaluating the Teaching Performance of Faculty Members in the Department of Education and Psychology from the Perspective of Students at the Abu Issa
The current research aimed to identify the reality of the actual teaching performance of faculty members in the Department of Education and Psychology at the College of Education, Abu Issa, from the perspective of eighth-semester female students (graduation stage), in addition to uncovering the statistical differences attributable to the academic specialization variable (humanities / applied sciences). To achieve the objectives of the current research, the descriptive-analytical approach was relied upon, and the questionnaire consisting of (38) items distributed across four main axes was distributed: (Personal Traits and Human Relations, Lecture Planning and Execution, Activating Activities and Evaluation Methods, and Scientific Competence and the Use of Reinforcement Methods), to a purposive sample that reached (70) female students from the two humanities departments (Classroom Teacher, Kindergarten), and the two applied sciences departments (Mathematics and Biology). Where the statistical results, after data processing by the Statistical Package (SPSS), showed that the level of students' evaluation of teaching performance came with a high degree in the axes of: Lecture Planning and Execution, Activating Activities and Evaluation Methods, and Scientific Competence, while the evaluation of the Personal Traits and Human Relations axis came with a moderate degree. The results also indicated the presence of statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) in the evaluation of teaching performance on the scale as a whole and in favor of the humanities female students compared to the applied sciences female students. Based on what the research results showed, the researcher recommended the necessity of enhancing professional development programs for professors in mentoring aspects and human interaction, while intensifying attention to the teaching and technical requirements for female students of the applied departments.
Evaluation of teaching performance, faculty member