Al-Farooq Journal of Sciences is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes original research in various fields of science and technology. The journal aims to promote scientific research and knowledge dissemination at the local and international levels It is a legally accredited journal, internationally recognized with the International Standard Serial Number ISSN 3135-2359. It also publishes special issues for scientific conferences, and its research undergoes rigorous scientific review.
The Role of Green Innovation and Digital Transformation in Promoting the Sustainability of Entrepreneurial Universities in Libya.
In light of the rapid global transformations toward the green economy and the digital revolution, higher education institutions have become increasingly required to adopt modern strategies that integrate innovation, sustainability, and digital transformation in order to enhance institutional efficiency and achieve academic entrepreneurship. From this perspective, the present study aims to analyze the role of green innovation management in building entrepreneurial and sustainable educational institutions, while examining the mediating role of digital transformation in Libyan public universities through an applied study on University of Zawia and University of Tripoli. The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach and utilized a questionnaire as the primary data collection instrument. The questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of (200) faculty members and administrative staff from the two universities under investigation. The study focuses on measuring the level of green innovation management practices, the extent of digital transformation, and their impact on enhancing institutional sustainability and university entrepreneurship. Furthermore, the study seeks to identify the integrative relationship between modern environmental management and digital technologies, and their role in improving academic and administrative performance, as well as supporting Libyan universities’ orientation toward becoming smart and sustainable institutions capable of adapting to global changes. The significance of the study lies in its contribution to providing a contemporary theoretical and practical framework linking green innovation, digital transformation, and university sustainability, thereby supporting the development of educational and administrative policies in Libyan higher education institutions. The findings are expected to enhance institutional awareness of the importance of investing in green technologies and digital transformation to achieve sustainable excellence and competitiveness.
Green Innovation Management, Digital Transformation, University Sustainability, Entrepreneurial Universities, Libyan Public Universities, University of Zawia, University of Tripoli
Proposed Framework for Activating Digital Green Education in Basic
This study aimed to propose a framework for activating Green Digital Education (GDE) In primary schools through a strategic administrative vision that Integrates digital transformation with environmental sustainability. The study adopted a descriptive analytical approach to review educational literature and determine the requirements for this transformation. The findings Indicate that GDE represents an integrated system for fostering environmental citizenship, and that "Project-Based Learning" (PBL) Is the most effective strategy for Its implementation; furthermore, results showed that structural challenges can be overcome through "Digital Resilience" and human empowerment. Consequently, the study proposed a four-pillar framework comprising: Governance, Smart Infrastructure, Content Development, and Human Empowerment. The study recommends adopting a "Smart Green School Charter" and fostering community partnerships to ensure the sustainability of digital environmental Initiatives, while emphasizing specialized training to enhance teachers' green digital competencies, ensuring a sustainable learning environment capable of adapting to the requirements of the digital age.
Green Digital Education, Sustainability, Primary Schools, Proposed Framework, Administrative Vision
Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Recycled wasted Cooking Oil collected from some Libyan restaurants.
The global energy crisis and the environmental impact of fossil fuel use have accelerated the search for renewable alternatives. This study focuses on producing biodiesel from recycled used cooking oil (UCO) through transesterification using methanol and ethanol with potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst. Different concentrations of KOH (1.5%, 2.5%, and 3.5%) were tested to optimize yield and quality. Physical and chemical properties such as density, viscosity, flash point, free fatty acid content, and moisture were analyzed according to ASTM standards. The results demonstrated that sunflower oil produced the best biodiesel yield and quality, while corn oil produced satisfactory results, and palm oil exhibited poor conversion due to high free fatty acid content. Ethanol-based reactions generally yielded biodiesel with higher clarity and stability. This research confirms that recycling used cooking oil into biodiesel offers an environmentally friendly and sustainable solution to waste management and renewable energy production.
Biodiesel; Used Cooking Oil; Transesterification; Methanol; Ethanol; Renewable Energy.
(Budget Governance in Libya (2017–2025): An Applied Analytical Study of Its Principles and Dimensions)
This study examines the principles of budget governance in Libya during the period 2017–2025, relying on recent national and international financial data. The research employs a theoretical framework that defines fiscal governance principles as articulated by leading institutions such as the IMF, World Bank, and OECD, including transparency, comprehensiveness, fiscal discipline, efficiency, sustainability, and accountability. These principles were tested within the Libyan context through quantitative and qualitative analysis of financial data and institutional reports. The findings indicate that Libya’s public budget falls short of meeting most of these principles. Transparency is undermined by the absence of final accounts and delayed data publication; comprehensiveness is weakened by off-budget expenditures; and fiscal discipline is constrained by heavy dependence on oil revenues. Moreover, efficiency is compromised by the predominance of recurrent spending over investment, sustainability is limited due to the absence of medium-term planning, and political fragmentation and weak oversight bodies hamper accountability. The study concludes that the lack of fiscal governance reflects a deep institutional crisis that undermines economic stability and sustainable development. It recommends comprehensive legislative and institutional reforms, including revenue diversification, the adoption of performance-based budgeting, and strengthening oversight independence in line with international best practices.
Principles of Budget Governance, Fiscal Governance, Public Budget, Transparency, Fiscal Discipline
The Use of Cloud Computing and its Impact on the Quality of Higher Education: A Field Study at the Libyan Academy for Graduate Studies – Janzour
This study aimed to explore the use of cloud computing and its impact on the quality of higher education from the perspective of faculty members. It was conducted as a field study at the Libyan Academy for Postgraduate Studies – Janzour. To achieve the study’s objectives, a main hypothesis was formulated: "There is a statistically significant impact between the use of cloud computing and the quality of higher education at the Libyan Academy." To collect the necessary data, a structured questionnaire was designed. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS - v.26), and the reliability and validity of the instrument were verified. The study population consisted of faculty members at the Academy, totaling )286(individuals. A sample of )117(was selected, from which 99 fully completed and analyzable questionnaires were retrieved, yielding an overall response rate of )%.84.6( The study reached several key findings, most notably the existence of a statistically significant impact of cloud computing usage on the quality of higher education, as perceived by faculty members at the Libyan Academy for Postgraduate Studies – Janzour, Tripoli. Furthermore, the study revealed a statistically significant direct impact of specific dimensions of cloud computing—namely infrastructure, educational software, ease of use, and information security—on the quality of higher education, from the faculty’s perspective. Based on these findings, the study recommends that the Libyan Academy prioritize its digital transformation initiative and integrate cloud computing into its strategic institutional planning.
Digital Transformation, Higher Education Quality, Libyan Academy for Graduate S
The Impact of Knowledge Management on Achieving Competitive Advantage from the Employees' Perspective: A Field Study Applied to the National Commercial Bank – General Administration
This study aims to identify the impact of knowledge management on achieving competitive advantage and its success factors, and to present and highlight the difficulties and challenges facing the bank under study in applying the dimensions of knowledge management, and the extent to which the dimensions of knowledge management affect the achievement of competitive advantage in the bank under study. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach, which combined description and analysis of the data collected in the field from the sample of the study population. The researcher tested a simple random sample of administrative leaders and bank employees. In order to obtain the necessary data that serve and achieve the study’s objectives, she designed a questionnaire form to collect data related to the study variables. Statistical analysis methods were used using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program. The analysis included applying descriptive statistics measures such as frequencies, percentages, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and t-tests. The study reached several conclusions, including the existence of a significant overall effect of all variables (organizational leadership, human resources, information technology) on the dependent variable (achieving competitive advantage), and partial acceptance of the main hypothesis, which states that there is a direct and statistically significant effect of knowledge management, through (information technology, organizational leadership), on achieving competitive advantage. The study recommended a set of recommendations, including: developing a clear strategic plan for knowledge management and its processes as an entry point for developing and improving banking performance and achieving competitive advantage; paying attention to knowledge management processes because they contribute to creating and developing cognitive capabilities and thus lead to obtaining competitive advantages; working to exploit the latest methods for developing electronic archiving systems for data and information; and searching for new products and innovating low-cost promotional methods in order to increase profits.
Integrated Modeling and Mult objective Control of Multilevel DC/AC Inverters for Conducted Electromagnetic Interference Mitigation
Multilevel DC/AC inverters have become a major enabling technology for renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, smart grids and industrial motor drives since they can produce high-quality output voltages with lower switching stress and higher power conversion efficiency. However, the impulse HMIs but also high-frequency switching actions and complicated modulation processes used in the more advanced multilevel inverter topologies result in undesirable high amplitude conducted EMI appearing at their terminals, which can severely affect electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), system reliability, power quality and compliance with international regulatory standards. Passive Filtering Techniques or Conventional EMI mitigation approaches which is primarily relying on passive filtering techniques and also adds to the size, cost and power losses in the system due to reduced adaptability under diverse operating conditions The research proposes an integrated model and Mult objective control framework for conduction EMI mitigation in multilevel DC/AC inverters. An exhaustive mathematical model is designed to describe the inverter switching dynamic, parasitic element contribution, common-mode voltage generation and differential-mode disturbances propagation processes as well as EMI propagation mechanisms. A Mult objective optimization strategy is then proposed to minimize the conducted EMI emissions, overall total harmonic distortion (THD), switching losses and common-mode voltage in conjunction with high conversion efficiency and stable inverter operation based on the established mathematical model. Advanced control and modulation techniques are embedded in the optimization framework to achieve optimal balancing of conflicting performance objectives. The offered method is verified in extensive simulation experiments taken on a number of operating conditions. Performance assessment is performed via frequency-domain and time-domain analyses, with results compared to traditional control designs and EMC criteria. The framework supports systematic identification of the best operating points via Pareto optimization and serves as an effective design tool in balancing EMI suppression, power quality, and energy efficiency. The research supplies a complete EMI-aware inverter design method to assist the development of high-performance, EMC-compliant energy digital structures for next-generation power conversion applications.
Multilevel DC/AC Inverters; Conducted Electromagnetic Interference (EMI); Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC); Mult objective Optimization; Common-Mode Voltage; Total Harmonic Distortion THD; Advanced Control Strategies; Pareto Optimization; Power Electronics: Renewable Energy Systems
The Effect of Dietary Aflatoxin on Local Domestic Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) in Libya
This study was conducted to determine the effects of feed contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on growth performance in Turkey. Sixty, ducks randomly divided into two groups of 3 replicates and were fed commercial feed uncontaminated or contaminated AFB1 at level 250 µg/kg. AFB1 contaminated feed significantly decreased the body weight, feed intake and increased feed conversion rate (p<0.05). The results revealed that the growth performance of the contaminated diet compared to controls diet, a significant weight loss was observed 13.95%, 7.9% and 5.97% in the third week. Feed intake was significantly decreased (p<0.05) with the group fed AFB1 compared with the control. The overall, decrease was 2.4% and 4.8% for the second and third week respectively. The feed conversion was increased significantly (P<0.05) in the second and third week with an average of 3.5% and 5.9% over the control group. The results therefore, ducks performance was negatively affected by AFB1 contamination in feed. This will confirm that AFB1 contamination in poultry feed causes heavy economic losses by lowering body weight gain and feed conversion. Therefore, lower levels of Aflatoxin in the poultry feeds should be required if all acceptable risk is to be avoided.
Probiotic, Aflatoxin, Digestibility, Performance, Domestic Turkey, Libya
Parasite prevalence in soil samples from public areas in West Zawia, Libya
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of all parasitic forms (eggs, larvae, cysts, and oocysts) by using two flotation methods in soil from public places and fee-free gardens in West Zawia City, Libya. From 2025 to 2026, 160 soil samples were collected from various sites by simple random selection. To recover parasites, the soil samples were examined by sodium nitrate flotation, sucrose flotation method. The McNemar test and Kappa Index were used to analyses the statistical significance of the results. The prevalence of soil parasites was as follows, Toxocara spp. eggs in sodium nitrate flotation (42.7%) and in sucrose flotation method (37%), Isospora spp. in sodium nitrate flotation (14.7%) and in sucrose flotation method (22.7%), nematode larvae in sodium nitrate flotation (44.7%) and in sucrose flotation method (28%), Eimeria spp. in sodium nitrate flotation (12.7%) and in sucrose flotation method (28.7%), Coccidian oocyst and Sarcocystis spp. in sodium nitrate flotation (18%) and in sucrose flotation method (40%), Dicrocoelium dendriticum in sodium nitrate flotation (6.7%) and in sucrose flotation method (6%), Geohelminths in sodium nitrate flotation (10.7%) and in sucrose flotation method (7.4%). Furthermore, following sucrose flotation method performance, modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique was done and oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. was detected in 19 (14%) of soil samples. The McNemar test revealed significant differences between the sucrose and sodium nitrate flotation methods for parasite detection.
Parasites, flotation method, soil, prevalence West Zawia, Libya.
Removal of Methyl Violet Dye from Aqueous solutions using AFe0.9Cu0.1O3 (A= Nd+3 & Eu+3)
Two samples of nanoparticle oxides with general formula NdFe0.9Cu0.1O3 and EuFe0.9Cu0.1O3 were synthesized and their capabilities in the removal of Methyl Violet dye investigated. Both samples have an orthorhombic perovskite-type structure in space group Pbnm. The replacement of Nd3+ ([Xe] 4f3 , 1.27 Å) by Eu3+ ([Xe] 4f6 , 1.23 Å) has influenced removal capacities with no noticeable change in crystal size of the two oxides. The crystallite size of NdFe0.9Cu0.1O3 and EuFe0.9Cu0.1O3 was determined to be 56.10 and 56.40 nm respectively. The maximum removal capacity of Methyl Violet was found to be (5.75 and 0.68 mg/g) using NdFe0.9Cu0.1O3 and EuFe0.9Cu0.1O3 respectively. The batch mode study showed that the removal percentage increased as pH increased using EuFe0.9Cu0.1O3 but contributory decreased using NdFe0.9Cu0.1O3. This could be attributed to differences in the electron configurations of the A site cations. The removal of Methyl Violet using both two oxides has a negative relationship with temperature an ionic strength but steadily increases as contact time increased.
Removal, Methyl Violet , Perovskite oxide, A- site Cation
Improving the Use of Materials Used in Road Paving in Desert Areas A Descriptive and Analytical Study: Southern Libya
This study aimed to improve the properties of road paving in desert areas using plastic waste (polyethylene). The research adopted the descriptive analytical approach. An electronic questionnaire was distributed to a sample of specialists. The results showed that recycling these materials reduces costs, improves the mechanical properties of the asphalt mixture, and achieves environmental benefits.
المواد المستعملة - رصف الطرق- المناطق الصحراوية
An Econometric Study to Estimate the Most Important Factors Affecting the Fish Demand Function in Libya During the Period (1990-2013).
The aim of this research was to identify the reality and development of production and consumption as well as the average per capita share, the self-sufficiency ratio and the food gap of fish in Libya during the period 1990 to 2013, as well as the most important factors affecting the demand function of fish in Libya. The research problem summarized that the required quantity of fish is greater than the quantity offered or available for consumption, and therefore a deficit in the trade balance of this commodity. One of the main findings of the research is that the quantities of fish produced in Libya during the period of study have shown an upward trend with a positive annual growth rate of 7.3%. It was also found that the quantity available for fish consumption in Libya during the same period, with a general trend and a positive annual growth rate of about 7.2%. The average per capita fish growth was fluctuating during the study period and at a positive annual growth rate of about 2.27% The elasticity coefficients of the independent variables indicate that there is an inverse relationship between the local price of fish and the quantity required. A 10% increase in the domestic price leads to a 15% reduction in the required quantity, while the per capita income elasticity coefficient indicates a positive relationship between income The increase in per capita income by 10% leads to an increase in the required quantity by 3.8%. The elasticity coefficient of average meat prices indicates that there is a positive relationship between the average price of red meat and the quantity required of it. Average prices of red meat 10% leads to an increase in the quantity of fish by 4%. The study concludes that the most important factors determining the quantity of fish required in Libya during the study period are per capita income and the price of local fish and average prices of red meat One of the most important recommendations of the research is to establish a system to protect consumer prices during the different periods of the year, to open the fields of investment in the fish sector through the granting of loans and facilities, attention to marketing operations by providing refrigerated transport and suitable places. Protecting beaches from landfill and pollution. Find new traps and maintain old ones.
انتاج واستهلاك الاسماك– الأمن الغذائي– الفجوة الغذائية– نصيب الفرد – محددات الطلب
Kinship Terms in Surah An-Nisa A Semantic Study within the Framework of Semantic Component Theory
This study examines kinship terms in Surat An-Nisā’ through a semantic analysis based on Componential Analysis Theory, which decomposes meaning into minimal distinctive features. The research aims to identify shared and contrastive semantic components among kinship terms and to reveal the semantic relations governing them within the Qur’anic context, such as contrast, proximity, inclusion, and polysemy. Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, the study relies on componential tables as a methodological tool to ensure precision and consistency. The findings demonstrate that Surat An-Nisā’ presents a coherent semantic system of kinship terms, structured around features such as gender, lineage, degree, and relation by blood or fosterage, serving the legal and social objectives of the surah.
ألفاظ القرابة، سورة النساء، التحليل التكويني، العلاقات الدلالية
A Comprehensive Performance Evaluation of a Wi-Fi-Based Wireless Sensor Network Using Raspberry Pi and ESP8266 Under Multi-Rate Traffic Conditions
In modern Internet of Things environments, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become an essential element. particularly, in local monitoring for distributed sensing applications. Smart homes, environmental observation systems, industrial sites, and even small healthcare setups are examples of these applications. In most cases, these networks have traditionally relied on low-power technologies such as ZigBee and Bluetooth Low Energy because those protocols were built with constrained devices in mind. Still, the growing availability of inexpensive Wi-Fi-enabled microcontrollers, especially ESP8266-based boards, has made Wi-Fi a more realistic option for small and medium sensor deployments. This paper presents an experimental evaluation of a Wi-Fi-based WSN built around a Raspberry Pi gateway configured as a dedicated wireless access point and three ESP8266-based WEMOS D1 R1 sensor nodes. The system was tested under several traffic reporting intervals, namely 1 s, 5 s, and 10 s, and also under a controlled same-channel interference condition. The evaluation focuses on end-to-end latency, packet delivery ratio, throughput, jitter, received signal strength indicator, and gateway resource usage in terms of CPU and memory consumption. The results suggest that Wi-Fi can support highly reliable sensor communication when reporting intervals are moderate, with packet delivery ratio remaining above 99% in the less aggressive cases. Also, more fast in the reporting will introduce greater channel contention and noticeably less stable timing behavior. Under interference, performance degrades further, particularly in latency and delivery reliability. Taken together, the findings suggest that Wi-Fi is a practical option for small-scale sensor networks, though clearly not without trade-offs. The study also provides a reproducible testbed and grounded deployment insights for edge-based IoT sensing systems.
Wireless Sensor Networks, ESP8266, Wi-Fi, Raspberry Pi, Internet of Things, Edge Computing, Performance Evaluation.
Local Council of Al Ajaylat Environmental Ebucation as agateway to sustainable development.
This study aims to identify the vole of lnvivonmertal education in achieving sustainable development through the adoption of responsible beharioes that contribute directly to building genuine and comprehensive awaenes arelationship be twen evionmental awarnss and human behavior toward the environment and that eniron mental education plays apositire role in promoting such behaviors it also emphasi the integration of sustainable development cocepts into educational urricula, which contributes to achiering abalanco between sustainable deve lopment and environmental prote ction.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN THE HOLT-WINTERS MODEL AND FUZZY TIME SERIES IN PREDICTING MONTHLY ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION: A CASE STUDY OF THE ZLITEN REGION
This study aimed to compare the performance of the Holt-Winters model and the fuzzy time series model in predicting monthly electricity consumption using monthly data for the Zliten region from January 2017 to December 2024. The study employed descriptive analysis and time series analysis methods. IBM SPSS Statistics was used to implement the Holt-Winters model, while the fuzzy time series model was implemented using fuzzy logic relationships. The efficiency of both models was evaluated using prediction accuracy measures such as MAE, RMSE, and MAPE. The results showed that both models possessed good predictive power, with the Holt-Winters additive model clearly outperforming the fuzzy time series model based on the prediction error values. The study recommended adopting the more accurate Holt-Winters additive model for forecasting future electricity consumption.
Electricity consumption, Holt-Winters, fuzzy time series, prediction, time series.
Climate-Smart Agriculture as an Approach to Sustainable Agricultural Development in the Arab World
This study aimed to analyze the role of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) in supporting sustainable agricultural development and enhancing food security in the Arab world under increasing climate change challenges. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach through reviewing and analyzing recent scientific literature and international reports related to climate-smart agriculture, modern agricultural technologies, and agricultural artificial intelligence applications. The findings revealed that climate-smart agriculture technologies, including artificial intelligence, precision agriculture, remote sensing, and expert systems, significantly contribute to improving the efficiency of natural resource management, reducing agricultural losses, enhancing crop quality, and strengthening the resilience of agricultural systems against climate change impacts. The study also indicated that successful transformation toward climate-smart agriculture requires the development of digital agricultural infrastructure, support for agricultural scientific research, and the establishment of integrated agricultural and technological policies that support digital transformation in the Arab agricultural sector. The study concluded that climate-smart agriculture represents one of the most important future approaches for achieving sustainable agricultural development and enhancing food security in the Arab world.
Climate-Smart Agriculture, Sustainable Agricultural Development, Food Security, Artificial Intelligence, Precision Agriculture, Climate Change, Arab World
The Role of Universities and Multidisciplinary Research Centers in Advancing Sustainable Development: A Field Study of Graduate Students at Benghazi University
This study aimed to analyze the role of universities and multidisciplinary research centers in supporting the dimensions of sustainable development (economic, social, environmental, and technological) from the perspective of postgraduate students at the University of Benghazi, while identifying the most prominent obstacles that limit the effectiveness of this role. The study used a descriptive-analytical approach and relied on a questionnaire as a data collection tool. The questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of 340 students, and its validity and reliability were verified (α = 0.93). The results showed that the overall appreciation of the role of scientific research in supporting sustainable development was high, with the technological and social dimensions being particularly prominent compared to the economic and environmental dimensions, which received moderate attention. The results also indicated no statistically significant differences based on gender or academic degree. Only a weak positive correlation was found between scientific research and the social dimension, while no statistically significant relationships were observed with other dimensions. Furthermore, the explanatory effect of scientific research was limited. The study recommended adopting an integrated institutional approach to enhance funding, develop research infrastructure, activate partnerships, and support interdisciplinary research to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.
Sustainable development, universities, scientific research centers, interdisciplinary research, postgraduate studies
Green education in Libya: the current reality and challenges of transitioning towards sustainable development
In recent years, interest has grown in the concept of green education as a modern approach to supporting sustainable development, given its role in promoting environmental awareness and establishing educational practices related to conserving natural resources and improving quality of life. This seminar examines the reality of green education in Libya by analyzing the level of integration of environmental sustainability concepts within educational institutions, focusing on the most prominent challenges hindering the transition to a more sustainable education system. The seminar aims to highlight the importance of green education in supporting sustainable development ,the study analyzes the reality of its implementation in the Libyan educational environment, in addition to identifying the economic, administrative, technical, and cultural obstacles facing educational institutions. It also seeks to present a set of mechanisms and proposals that can contribute to the development of green education and enhance its role in building a society more aware of environmental and developmental issues. The symposium adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, reviewing literature, previous studies, and reports related to green education and sustainable development. It concluded that implementing green education in Libya still faces numerous challenges, including weak educational infrastructure, limited training programs, and the incomplete integration of sustainability concepts into curricula. However, the symposium also noted the existence of genuine opportunities to develop this field through updating educational policies, strengthening institutional partnerships, and promoting environmental awareness within society.
Green education, sustainable development, Libya, environmental sustainability, educational institutions.
The Role of Educational–Urban Partnerships in Promoting Green Education for Urban Sustainability
This research paper examines the role of partnerships between educational institutions and the urban sector in promoting the concept of "Green Education" as a modern approach to achieving urban sustainability. The study is premised on the hypothesis that Green Education is no longer merely a pedagogical trend confined within educational institutions; rather, it has evolved into an integrated system intrinsically linked to the city and to urban and environmental planning policies. The research problem is highlighted by the existence of a gap between the outputs of educational institutions and the requirements of sustainable urban planning, as well as the limited application of academic knowledge in addressing environmental and urban challenges within cities. The study aims to analyze the nature of these partnerships and explore their role in operationalizing Green Education, while proposing a practical framework applicable to developing cities. Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology, the study reviews relevant scientific literature and analyzes international models and case studies regarding "Green Universities" and sustainable cities. The objective is to derive a set of findings demonstrating that strengthening institutional partnerships can enhance the efficiency of urban planning and support the transition toward more sustainable and environmentally resilient cities. Furthermore, such partnerships contribute to integrating education with practical reality, thereby transforming universities into influential urban actors.
Green Education, Urban Sustainability, Institutional Partnerships, Universities, Urban Planning
The Role of Green Industry in Achieving the Dimensions of Sustainable Development.
This study aimed to examine the role of green industry in achieving the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development through reviewing and analyzing relevant literature and previous studies related to green industry and sustainability. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach by reviewing recent scientific studies and international reports associated with the research topic. The findings revealed that green industry represents a strategic approach to achieving sustainable development through reducing pollution and carbon emissions, improving energy and resource efficiency, enhancing economic competitiveness, and contributing to job creation and environmental improvement. The study also identified several challenges facing the implementation of green industry, particularly in developing countries, including weak industrial infrastructure, high costs of clean technologies, and limited environmental policies. The study recommended the adoption of national policies and strategies supporting green industry, increasing investment in clean technologies, promoting scientific research and innovation, and strengthening environmental legislation to support sustainable development goals.
Green Industry, Sustainable Development, Green Economy, Clean Technologies, Industrial Sustainability, Environmental Pollution.
The Hybrid Feedback Model: An Exploratory Study of AI-Supported Eco-Digital Twins on Systemic Awareness Among Libyan Students
Traditional environmental education tools suffer from a severe experiential gap that limits students’ ability to comprehend the complexity and interconnectedness of ecological systems. Although emerging artificial intelligence solutions offer promising alternatives, they remain burdened by issues of accuracy, reliability, and so-called “AI hallucinations.” This study investigates the feasibility of the Hybrid Guided Simulation Framework (HGSF) as an integrative model that combines the rigor of deterministic mathematical models with the flexibility of generative intelligent narratives. The study employed a quasi-experimental design involving three groups: an experimental group (n = 28) that used the hybrid GEDT system, and two control groups—one using conventional digital learning tools (n = 25) and the other relying on lecture-based instruction (n = 27)—within a university setting in . A minimum viable prototype (MVP) was developed to simulate groundwater management in the using the Unity engine integrated with a large language model (LLM). Quantitative and qualitative data were collected, including awareness assessments, the System Usability Scale (SUS), interaction logs, and in-depth interviews, alongside a two-month follow-up study. The experimental group demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in systems-awareness levels compared with the two control groups (F = 4.89, p = .034, d = 0.67). The mean usability score (SUS) reached 68.4, corresponding to an “acceptable” level of usability. A detailed analysis of 420 generated responses revealed that 22% contained errors; however, the automated verification layer successfully corrected 83% of these before they reached learners. Follow-up findings indicated a 90% knowledge retention rate, as well as a significant behavioral impact reflected in students’ discussions with their families about water conservation practices (p = .013). The hybrid model demonstrates tangible cognitive effectiveness and strong technical reliability owing to its dual-layer architecture centered on automated verification. Nevertheless, further improvements to the user interface and the inclusion of reinforcement sessions are recommended to strengthen long-term behavioral impact.
Digital Twin, Generative Artificial Intelligence, Environmental Education, Systems Awareness, Libya
"Multiple Linear Regression Analysis for Estimating the Impact of Educational and Behavioral Factors on the Performance Index for a Group of School Students"
This study aimed to analyze the factors affecting academic performance among school students using multiple linear regression analysis. The independent variables included study hours, previous results, sleep duration, extracurricular activities, and practice with exam models, while the dependent variable was the academic performance index. The study adopted a quantitative analytical approach, using statistical analysis to examine the relationship between the independent variables and academic performance. The results revealed a very strong positive correlation between the variables, with a correlation coefficient (R = 0.994). The model explained 98.8% of the variance in academic performance (R² = 0.988), indicating a very high explanatory power .Furthermore, the ANOVA results showed that the overall regression model was statistically significant at the 0.05 level, with an F-value of 171052.049 and a significance level of 0.000. The coefficients analysis indicated that all independent variables had a statistically significant positive effect on academic performance, with previous results being the most influential predictor, followed by study hours. The study concluded that academic performance is influenced by a combination of academic, behavioral, and lifestyle factors, highlighting the importance of addressing these aspects to enhance students’ academic achievement.
Academic Performance, Multiple Linear Regression, Student Achievement, School Students, Educational Factors
The Impact of the Trump Administration on the Palestinian Issue: An Analytical Study for the Period (2017-2020)
تتناول هذه الدراسة تطور السياسة الخارجية الأمريكية تجاه القضية الفلسطينية، مع التركيز على مرحلة إدارة الرئيس دونالد ترامب (2017–2020). تستعرض الدراسة مسار السياسة الأمريكية منذ المرحلة التأسيسية عام 1947، مبرزة التحولات التدريجية من الحياد الظاهري إلى الانحياز الاستراتيجي الواضح لصالح إسرائيل. وتسلط الضوء بشكل خاص على التغيرات الجذرية التي حدثت في عهد ترامب، مثل الاعتراف بالقدس عاصمة لإسرائيل، ونقل السفارة الأمريكية إليها، ووقف تمويل الأونروا، وطرح "صفقة القرن" التي تجاهلت الحقوق الأساسية للشعب الفلسطيني. وقد أسهمت هذه السياسات في تقويض عملية السلام وأضعفت الدور الأمريكي كوسيط محايد. تعتمد الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي والتحليلي لفهم الأبعاد السياسية والقانونية والإقليمية لهذه السياسات، مستندة إلى الوثائق الرسمية والقرارات الدولية وردود الفعل العالمية. وتخلص الدراسة إلى أن إدارة ترامب شكلت نقطة تحول حاسمة في مسار العلاقة الأمريكية-الفلسطينية، مما أضعف فرص حل الدولتين وزاد من حدة التوتر الإقليمي. وتُختتم الدراسة بجملة من التوصيات التي تدعو إلى تعزيز الجهود الدبلوماسية الفلسطينية، وتوسيع التحالفات الدولية، وتفعيل الأدوات القانونية على الساحة الدولية.
Foreign Policy, Deal of the Century, Recognition of Jerusalem, Cessation of UNRWA Funding, Public Opinion.
الوعي بالاستدامة والاستعداد المؤسسي لمبادرة "نوى" في جامعة طرابلس
Background: Universities are increasingly recognised as catalysts for sustainable development, yet there is limited empirical evidence on whether academic communities are cognitively and institutionally ready to engage in structured sustainability initiatives. Objective: This study investigates sustainability awareness, behavioural practices, and institutional readiness within the University of Tripoli to assess the strategic viability of the "Nawa" Initiative, a multi-pillar program integrating digital empowerment, leadership, mental health, environmental sustainability, water management, disability inclusion, and crisis management. Methods: A descriptive-analytical design was used, surveying 200 randomly selected participants (students, faculty, and staff) across multiple faculties. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire measuring awareness, practices, familiarity with Nawa’s pillars, and willingness to engage. Results: While individual sustainable behaviours are high (95.4% maintain cleanliness; 47.7% consistently rationalise resources), organised institutional participation is very low (64.4% rarely or never engage). Awareness of Nawa’s specific pillars remains weak (62–72% unfamiliar), indicating a conceptual gap, not resistance. Strikingly, 94.8% express willingness to participate if a structured framework exists. Conclusion: The University of Tripoli possesses latent human capital and ethical readiness for sustainability, but lacks an institutional mechanism to channel it. The Nawa Initiative is not only viable but necessary, transforming spontaneous prosocial behaviour into a coordinated, scalable model for university-led social responsibility. Our findings mandate the immediate adoption of Nawa as an institutional framework, including activation of student ambassadors, targeted awareness campaigns, and continuous impact assessment. These positions place the University of Tripoli as a regional benchmark for evidence-based sustainability initiatives.
Sustainability Awareness; Institutional Readiness; Sustainable Development; Community Engagement; Youth Empowerment; Nawa Initiative
Green Geochemical Education in Libya: Current Status, Applications, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
Dinosaur fossils are found in many Mesozoic rocks in Libya such as the Zarzaitine, Cabao, Mesak, Kiklah, and Mizdah formations. Dinosaur geochemistry in Libya is relevant to the fields of scientific investigation, geotourism, and sustainable development, as it contributes to the preservation and promotion of the country’s fossil heritage. Although the relevance of dinosaur geochemistry is increasing worldwide, very few studies have been conducted regarding the geochemical aspects of dinosaurs from Libya. The scientific potential and possible avenues for future studies of dinosaur geochemistry in Libya are highlighted in this work.
Dinosaur Geochemistry, Sustainable Development, Libya.
The Role of Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Addressing Individual Differences among Basic Education Students in Libya
This study aims to identify the role of artificial intelligence technologies in improving the consideration of individual differences among students in the basic education stage in Libya. This is achieved through examining teachers' perspectives on the reality of individual differences and the possibility of benefiting from artificial intelligence technologies in the educational process within schools. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach and used a questionnaire as the main tool for data collection from a sample of 46 male and female teachers from the basic education stage in several Libyan cities. The results revealed clear individual differences among students in terms of comprehension, understanding, response speed, and academic achievement. The findings also indicated that class overcrowding, weak parental follow-up, and limited class time are among the most significant factors influencing these differences. In addition, the results showed a positive attitude toward the use of artificial intelligence technologies in education, as participants confirmed the possibility of benefiting from these technologies in providing more flexible learning that meets the diverse needs of students. On the other hand, the study revealed several challenges facing the implementation of artificial intelligence in Libyan schools, including weak technological infrastructure, a lack of devices, and the need to train teachers on the effective use of artificial intelligence tools. The study findings also indicate that employing artificial intelligence technologies in basic education can contribute to improving the consideration of individual differences among students, provided that appropriate infrastructure is available and teachers are adequately trained to use these technologies effectively.
Artificial Intelligence, Individual Differences, Basic Education, ChatGPT, Adaptive Learning, Education in Libya
Towards a Vision for Green Transition and Enhancing the Role of Agricultural Extension for the Requirements of Utilizing Agricultural Residues in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar Regions (Libya)
This scientific article comes at a time when the Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region is witnessing rapid environmental and climatic transformations, which necessitate a reconsideration of the prevailing agricultural patterns and a serious shift towards more sustainable development options. From this perspective, this work seeks to provide an analytical review and a forward-looking vision for the prospects of the 'green transition' in the region, focusing on 'agricultural extension' as an indispensable cognitive and practical tool for altering traditional production behaviors. The article stems from a pivotal core concept: that agricultural residues—which are currently treated as an environmental burden, a source of visual pollution, and a fire hazard—fundamentally represent a wasted economic wealth that can be recycled and converted into vital inputs that support soil fertility and reduce the carbon footprint. By reviewing the biological foundations of organic composting processes and analyzing similar Maghreb experiences, the article proposes an integrated strategy, 'Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar 2030'. This strategy encompasses extension digitalization, green cooperatives, and youth investment, thereby serving as an academic contribution to drawing a roadmap for the environmental and agricultural future of the region
Green transition, Agricultural extension, Agricultural residues, Environmental sustainability, Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region, Libya
The Contributions of Green Education to Reshaping the Human–Place Relationship social Work in the Field of Environment and Population as a Model A Study Conducted on a Sample of Students from the Faculty of Arts, Al-Swain
Green education is an educational approach that seeks to integrate the principles of sustainability and environmental protection into the educational process by raising students’ awareness of environmental issues and encouraging them to adopt responsible behaviors toward natural resources and the environment. The environmental field is considered one of the most important areas studied within Social Work departments at Libyan universities, with the aim of promoting optimal human behavior toward the environment through professional interventions with individuals, groups, and communities. Such interventions help foster a sense of belonging to the place in which people live, enabling them to become active contributors to the development of their communities. This study aims to identify the contributions of green education in reshaping the positive relationship between human beings and their environment. The study employed the descriptive research method and utilized a questionnaire as the primary data collection tool, based on a purposive sampling technique. The findings revealed several important results. Most notably, the concept of green education has not yet received adequate attention or application, and Libyan universities still need to further institutionalize green education as an educational strategy. The study also found that green education serves as an effective means of building a strong relationship between people and their environment and strengthening individuals’ sense of belonging to their surroundings. Furthermore, social work in the fields of environment and population requires further development in terms of curricula and professional practice mechanisms.
Green Education, Human Being, Place, Social Work in the Field of Environment and Population.
التحول التوأم في التعليم العالي: نموذج ريادي مقترح لجامعة الزنتان
This study aims to design a proposed operational framework for integrating environmental sustainability skills and augmented intelligence competencies into the higher education environment, specifically targeting the promotion of a transition toward "Green Education" through the Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation at AL Zintan University as a future roadmap. The research addresses a distinct conceptual and practical gap characterized by the absence of an operational mechanism linking academic curricula with entrepreneurial developmental activities, where technology is often taught in isolation from environmental responsibility. To achieve this objective, the study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach based on a systematic induction method, reviewing recent literature and previous studies published between 2020 and 2026. The researcher utilizes three primary methodological tools: content analysis, a strategic situational analysis of the local environmental and technical context of AL Zintan University, and innovative modeling to delineate structural roles and operational pathways. The findings demonstrate an alignment gap in higher education institutions due to the segregation of emerging technologies from data protection and environmental duties. Furthermore, the study concludes that the success of the twin transition at Alzintan University hinges on reducing financial constraints through local partnerships and building "cybersecurity resilience" to protect the digital ecosystem. Consequently, the study culminates in designing an innovative structural framework to govern the initiative's paths using the Responsibility Assignment Matrix (RACI) across three interconnected, cyber-secured operational tracks: (Experiential Learning and Training Track, Smart-Green Incubator Track, and Governance and Cyber Resilience Track). The study recommends that the administration of Alzintan University officially adopt this proposed initiative, launch collaborative green incubators across faculties, and update internal legislative policies to enhance digital sovereignty and safeguard intellectual property.
Twin Transition; Green Education; Augmented Intelligence; Cybersecurity Resilience; Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation; AL Zintan University